qawwam

The Tragedy of Historical Pseudomorphosis Naif Al Bidh explores the case of IslamicMagian culture in Oswald Spengler’s philosophy of history describing its tragic birth, miraculous growth, and predestined future. Oswald Spengler’s analysis of Islamic civilization in The Decline of the West introduces the concept in mineralogy of pseudomorphosis, a phenomenon where a mineral experiences total […]

In the mid-13th century, the political landscape of the Middle East and surrounding regions was a complex tapestry of alliances, conflicts, and shifting powers. Sultan Baybars, a formidable military leader and statesman, emerged as a central figure during this turbulent period. His ascent to power in 1260 marked the beginning of a new era for

In 1260, Baybars ascended to power by eliminating Qutuz and led the state for a long period of seventeen years. Upon his accession, the realm was besieged by challenges on multiple fronts: the Mongols, whose incursions were a source of relentless pressure on the Islamic world, and the Armenians, who readily aligned themselves with the